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1 топлива с высоким содержанием водорода
топлива с высоким содержанием водорода
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[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
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Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > топлива с высоким содержанием водорода
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2 Bergius, Friedrich Carl Rudolf
[br]b. 11 October 1884 Goldschmieden, near Breslau, Germanyd. 31 March Buenos Aires, Argentina[br][br]After studying chemistry in Breslau and Leipzig and assisting inter alia at the institute of Fritz Haber in Karlsruhe on the catalysis of ammonia under high pressure, in 1909 he went to Hannover to pursue his idea of turning coal into liquid hydrocarbon under high hydrogen pressure (200 atm) and high temperatures (470° C). As experiments with high pressure in chemical processes were still in their initial stages and the Technical University could not support him sufficiently, he set up a private laboratory to develop the methods and to construct the equipment himself. Four years later, in 1913, his process for producing liquid or organic compounds from coal was patented.The economic aspects of this process were apparent as the demand for fuels and lubricants increased more rapidly than the production of oil, and Bergius's process became even more important after the outbreak of the First World War. The Th. Goldschmidt company of Essen contracted him and tried large-scale production near Mannheim in 1914, but production failed because of the lack of capital and experience to operate with high pressure on an industrial level. Both capital and experience were provided jointly by the BASF company, which produced ammonia at Merseburg, and IG Farben, which took over the Bergius process in 1925, the same year that the synthesis of hydrocarbon had been developed by Fischer-Tropsch. Two years later, at the Leuna works, almost 100,000 tonnes of oil were produced from coal; during the following years, several more hydrogenation plants were to follow, especially in the eastern parts of Germany as well as in the Ruhr area, while the government guaranteed the costs. The Bergius process was extremely important for the supply of fuels to Germany during the Second World War, with the monthly production rate in 1943–4 being more than 700,000 tonnes. However, the plants were mostly destroyed at. the end of the war and were later dismantled.As a consequence of this success Bergius, who had gained an international reputation, went abroad to work as a consultant to several foreign governments. Experiments aiming to reduce the costs of production are still continued in some countries. By 1925, after he had solved all the principles of his process, he had turned to the production of dextrose by hydrolyzing wood with highly concentrated hydrochloric acid.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize 1931. Honorary doctorates, Heidelberg, Harvard and Hannover.Bibliography1907, "Über absolute Schwefelsäure als Lösungsmittel", unpublished thesis, Weida. 1913, Die Anwendung hoher Drucke bei chemischen Vorgängen und eine Nachbildungdes Entstehungsprozesses der Steinkohle, Halle. 1913, DRP no. 301, 231 (coal-liquefaction process).1925, "Verflüssigung der Kohle", Zeitschrift des Vereins Deutscher Ingenieure, 69:1313–20, 1359–62.1933, "Chemische Reaktionen unter hohem Druck", Les Prix Nobel en 1931, Stockholm, pp. 1–37.Further ReadingDeutsches Bergbau-Museum, 1985, Friedrich Bergius und die Kohleverflüssigung. Stationen einer Entwicklung, Bochum (gives a comprehensive and illustrated description of the man and the technology).H.Beck, 1982, Friedrich Bergius, ein Erfinderschicksal, Munich: Deutsches Museum (a detailed biographical description).W.Birkendfeld, 1964, Der synthetische Treibstoff 1933–1945. Ein Beitragzur nationalsozialistischen Wirtschafts-und Rüstungspolitik, Göttingen, Berlin and Frankfurt (describes the economic value of synthetic fuels for the Third Reich).WKBiographical history of technology > Bergius, Friedrich Carl Rudolf
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3 и без того
И без того (сложный)The pattern of fluid flow adjacent to the free end is much more complex than the already complicated flow pattern far from the end.The interaction would be dependent on whether the through flow was outward or inward: a further complication in an already complex flow field.И без того (высокий уровень)-- Its already high smoke levels with JP-4 fuels were significantly increased with lower hydrogen content fuels. и без того -- already, as it isThe Scorpio's footwear firms the already well-controlled ride.Self-changing gears would increase fuel consumption which is heavy enough as it is.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > и без того
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4 топливо
fuel, fuel material* * *то́пливо с.
fuel, combustibleвводи́ть приса́дки в то́пливо — dope fuelвыжига́ть то́пливо ( перед аварийной посадкой) — burn off the fuel (before emergency landing)выраба́тывать то́пливо из ба́ков в (каком-л.) [m2]поря́дке ав. — deplete [use] the fuel tanks in a … sequenceто́пливо детони́рует — the fuel detonates, the fuel causes knocking (in the engine)дозаправля́ться то́пливом — refuel, refill the tankзагуща́ть то́пливо ав. — thicken fuelзаправля́ться то́пливом — fuel up, fill up the tankнабира́ть то́пливо — fill (up), tank, fuelперека́чивать то́пливо ав. — transfer fuelподава́ть то́пливо — feed fuelпролива́ть то́пливо — spill (some) fuelто́пливо прорыва́ется (в ка́ртер) — the fuel blows byрабо́тать на жи́дком, твё́рдом, газообра́зном то́пливе — burn liquid, solid, gaseous fuelслива́ть то́пливо ав. — dump the fuel, defuelслива́ть то́пливо авари́йно ав. — jettison the fuelсме́шивать ра́зные сорта́, то́плива — blend fuelsавиацио́нное то́пливо — aviation fuelавтомоби́льное то́пливо — automotive [motor] fuelбеззо́льное то́пливо — ash-free fuelвзрывобезопа́сное то́пливо — safety fuelводоро́дное то́пливо — hydrogen fuelвспомога́тельное то́пливо — back-up fuelвысококалори́йное то́пливо — high-calorific fuelвысокоокта́новое то́пливо — high-octane fuelвысокосо́ртное то́пливо — high-grade fuelгазообра́зное то́пливо — gas(eous) fuelди́зельное то́пливо — diesel fuelто́пливо для реакти́вных дви́гателей — jet fuel, jet propellantжи́дкое то́пливо — liquid fuelископа́емое то́пливо — fossil fuelиску́сственное то́пливо — prepared [artificial] fuelкусково́е то́пливо — lump fuelлё́гкое то́пливо — light fuelлету́чее то́пливо — volatile fuelмалозо́льное то́пливо — low-ash fuelмото́рное то́пливо — motor fuelнедетони́рующее то́пливо — antiknock fuelнизкокалори́йное то́пливо — low-calorie fuelнизкосо́ртное то́пливо — low-grade fuelто́пливо обы́чного ка́чества — regular fuelоргани́ческое то́пливо — organic fuelосновно́е то́пливо — main fuelто́пливо повы́шенного ка́чества — premium fuelприро́дное то́пливо — natural fuelпылеу́гольное то́пливо — pulverized coal (fuel)раке́тное то́пливо ( не путать с горю́чим) — propellant (not to be confused with fuel)подава́ть раке́тное то́пливо вытесне́нием — pressurize the propellantраке́тное, металлосодержа́щее то́пливо — metal propellantрасто́почное то́пливо — starting fuelреакти́вное то́пливо — jet (engine) fuelсамовоспламеня́ющееся то́пливо — hypergolic fuelсинтети́ческое то́пливо — synthetic fuelсла́нцевое то́пливо — shale fuelто́пливо с приса́дками — doped fuelтвё́рдое то́пливо — solid fuelто́пливо торго́вого со́рта — commercial fuelтра́кторное то́пливо — tractor fuelтяжё́лое то́пливо — heavy fuelуглеводоро́дное то́пливо — hydrocarbon fuelусло́вное то́пливо — equivalent fuel, fuel equivalentэлектрохими́ческое то́пливо — electrochemical fuelэнергети́ческое то́пливо — power-generating fuelэтало́нное то́пливо — standard fuelя́дерное то́пливо — nuclear fuelвоспроизводи́ть я́дерное то́пливо — breed nuclear fuel* * *
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